Influence in the Practice Context on the Over Arm Throw Performance
Abstract
The present study aimed to verify the level of the basic motor skill of throwing over the shoulder in three different contexts (formal test [T], throwing festival [F] and a throwing game [J]) and whether the contexts can influence the skill level. In the three situations, 45 children between seven and eight years old made three attempts. Most did not reach the expected levels for the age group. The Friedman test was used to compare the results obtained in different contexts. The level of motor skill varied significantly when comparing the results of the game situation in relation to the other two. The differences between the contexts were statistically significant in the following components of the pitch: preparatory oscillation between the contexts of T and J; J and F in all attempts. In the action of the forearm, the variability appeared between F and J. In the action of the humerus, the variance was between the F and J. Regarding the intragroup motor levels, there was a statistically significant difference in situation T only in the preparatory oscillation, in F the variability occurred in lower limbs, trunk and preparatory oscillation and in the game only on lower limbs. Most children did not reach the expected levels of motor skills. The relationship between these contexts, the task restrictions and the skill levels was verified. There is evidence that demands from the environment can influence the level of demonstrated motor skill.
References
Basso, L., Marques, I., e Manoel, E.J. (2005). Collective behaviour of components in overarm throwing pattern. Journal of Human Movement Studies, 48(1), 1-14. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236335829
Bader, L.G., e Krebs, R.J. (2002). Atividades preferidas e praticadas, em espaços de lazer, no tempo livre, por crianças de 7 a 10 anos, de Balneário Camboriú - SC. Cinergis, 3(2), 157-173.
Barela, A.M.F., e Barela, J.A. (1997). Restrições ambientais no arremesso de ombro. Motriz, 3(2), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.5016/6557
Barreto, L., e Tremea, V.S. (2006). Análise dos padrões fundamentais de movimento de crianças de 6 e 7 anos de idade e as contribuições das aulas de educação física. In: Anais do XI Congresso Ciências do Desporto e Educação Física dos países de língua portuguesa, 1(1), 10-11.
Bento da Silva, S., Vilela Junior, G.B., e Tolocka, R.E. (2009). Arremessar por cima do ombro e a distância percorrida pelo implemento. Revista Brasileira de Educação Física e Esporte, 23(4), 309-18. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1807-55092009000400001
Bigotti, S., e Tolocka, R.E. (2005). Desenvolvimento motor, gênero e medidas antropométricas em crianças na infância avançada. Temas sobre desenvolvimento, 14(84), 49-56.
Cross, R. (2004). Physics of overarm throwing. American Journal of Physics, 72(3), 305-312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1119/1.1634964
Costa, C.L.A., Benda, R.N., Matos, C.O., Bandeira, P.F.R., Lage, G.M., e Ugrinowitsch, H. (2018). Efeito do nível de desenvolvimento em habilidades motoras fundamentais no desempenho de uma habilidade especializada. Motricidade, 14(S1), 31-39. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328253251
Darko, R.A. (2016). Assessing the developmental level of overarm throwing skill performance of kindergarten (KG) two pupils at Esau Ofori KG in the Akuapemnorth district, Ghana. International Journal of Physical Education, Sports and Health, 3(2), 300-302. https://www.kheljournal.com/archives/?year=2016&vol=3&issue=2&part=F&ArticleId=374
Field, A. (2009). Descobrindo a estatística usando SPSS (2ª ed.). Artmed Editora.
Ginsburg, K. (2007). The Importance of play in promoting healthy child development and maintaining strong parent-child bonds. Journal Pediatrics, 119, 182-191. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2006-2697
Gromeier, M., Koester, D., e Schack, T. (2017). Gender Differences in Motor Skills of the Overarm Throw. Front Psychol., 8, 212. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00212
Hirashima, M., Kudo, K.,Watari, K., e Ohtsuki, T. (2007). Control of 3D Limb Dynamics in Unconstrained Overarm Throws of Different Speeds Performed by Skilled Baseball Players. Journal Neurophysiolgy, 97, 680-691. https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.00348.2006.
Jackson, S.L. (2006). Effects of Speed on Overarm Throing: A Dynamic Systems Perspective. In: AAHPERD National Convention and Exposition. Salt Lake City. UT.
Katic, R., Edvard, R., Sanja, M., Snjecana, I., e Ines, G. (2008). Development of Motor and Specific Motor Abilities for Athletics in Elementary School Male and Female First-Graders. Collection Antropology, 32(4), 1141-1147. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19149221/
Krebs, R.J., Copetti, F., Serpa, S., e Araújo, D. (2008). Disposições pessoais de tenistas jovens: um estudo fundamentado na teoria Bioecológica de Bronfenbrenner. Revista Brasileira de Psicologia do Esporte, 2(2), 1-24. http://dx.doi.org/10.31501/rbpe.v2i2.9279
Krebs, R.J. (2009). Bioecological Theory of Human Development and the process of development of sports talent. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 40(1), 108-135. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/289805223
Lorson, K.M. (2006). Overam Throwing Velocity of High-School-Age Boys and Girls. In: AAHPERD National Convention and Exposition, Salt Lake City, UT.
Marta, C., Casanova, N., Fonseca T., Vila-chã C., Esteves PT, Carvalhal MIM, Marques, MC, e Marinho, DA (2016). Efeito das variáveis biológicas, socioculturais e motoras na prestação do lançamento em crianças pré-pubertárias. Motricidade. 12(1), 83-95. http://dx.doi.org/10.6063/motricidade.6294
Marques, I. (1996). Arremessar ao alvo e à distância: uma análise de desenvolvimento em função do objetivo da tarefa. Revista Paulista de Educação Física, 10(2), 122-138. https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2594-5904.rpef.1996.138525
Marques, I., e Catenassi, F.Z. (2005). Restrições da tarefa e padrões fundamentais de movimento: uma comparação entre o chutar e arremessar. Revista da Educação Física/UEM, 16(2) 155-162. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283529783
Mitchell, B., Mclennan, S., Latimer, K., Graham, D., Gilmore, J., e Rush, E. (2013). Improvement of fundamental movement skills through support and mentorship of class room teachers. Obesity Research & Clinical Practice, 7(3), 230-234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orcp.2011.11.002
Oliveira, J.A., e Manoel, E.J. (1997). Relação entre a habilidade arremessar e o objetivo da tarefa. Boletim do Laboratório de Comportamento Motor, 1(2) 1-9.
Roberton, M.A. (1977). Stability of stage categorization across trials: Implications for the "stage theory" of overarm throw development. Journal of Human Movement Studies, 3(1), 49-59. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/291749325
Roberton, M.A., e Halverson, L.E. (1984). Developing children - their changing movement: A guide for teachers. Lea & Febiger publisher.
Roberton, M.A., e Konczak, J. (2001). Predcting children’s overarm throw ball velocities from their developmental levels in throwing. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 72(2), 91-103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2001.10608939
Robinson, L.E., Goodway, J.D., e Williams, E.J. (2007). Developmental Trends of Overarm Throwing Performance in Young Children. In: AAHPERD National Convention and Exposition (pp. 13-17), Salt Lake City, UT.
Rocha, F., Siqueira, M., Benda, M., e Ugrinowitsch, H. (2006). Análise dos padrões fundamentais de movimento em pré-escolares: praticantes e não praticantes de educação física escolar. In: Anais XI Congresso Ciências do Desporto e Educação Física dos países de língua portuguesa. http://citrus.uspnet.usp.br/eef/uploads/arquivo/66_Anais_p303.pdf
Rosales Torres, A.Y., Peña Espinosa, Y.L., Hechavarria Tamayo, E.R. (2020). Juegos pequeños recreativos para el desarrollo de las habilidades motrices lanzar y atrapar en escolares del preescolar. Revista científica Olimpia, 17, 505-519. https://revistas.udg.co.cu/index.php/olimpia/article/view/1568
Severino, A.J. (2007). Metodologia do Trabalho Científico (23ª ed.). Cortez Editora.
Stodden, D.F., Langendorfer, S.J., e Fleisig, G.S. (2006). Kinematic constraints associated with the acquisition of overarm throwing part I: step and trunk actions. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 77(4), 417-27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2006.10599377
Tillaar, V.D.R., e Ettema, G. (2007). A three-dimensional analysis of overarm throwing in experienced handball players. Journal Appl Biomech, 23(1), 12-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jab.23.1.12
Ulrich, D.A. (1985). Test of gross motor development. Pro-ED Inc.
Wickstron, R.L. (1983). Fundamental motor patterns. Lea & Febiger publisher.
Author Biographies
http://lattes.cnpq.br/9653088120694803
http://lattes.cnpq.br/9738714250093017
http://lattes.cnpq.br/0533711484384397
http://lattes.cnpq.br/3040250213271479
Copyright (c) 2022 Lecturas: Educación Física y Deportes
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
