Psychological Factors that Optimize Growth and Development in a High Performance Gymnast
Abstract
Introduction: The research deals with a case study of a 12 year old and 2-month old high performance gymnast who presents chronic bilateral knee tendinopathy, allergies, headache, eye discomfort before competing, poor sports/school performance, insecurity, low self-esteem, self-demand, refusal behaviors to eat, low height for age (parameters of chronic malnutrition). Objective: Investigate the psychological factors related to growth and development in a high performance gymnast. Methods: Psychological intervention program with a cognitive-behavioral approach composed of four moments: initial evaluation, intervention, final evaluation, follow-up evaluation. The following were used: the psychometric questionnaire to evaluate psychological factors in sports performance (C.P.R.D.) and the Anthroplus (WHO) program to verify the growth curve in relation to height-age. Results: Post-treatment evaluations show that three factors such as stress control, self-performance perception and mental ability improved considerably and were maintained three months after the intervention. The relationship between height and age was favorable with the value (Z score: -0.77) normal parameters of height for age. Conclusions: Stress is verified as one of the predominant psychological factors for growth retardation, accompanied by anxiety as a resulting physiological symptomatology, perception of body image, mental abilities, self-demand and sleep as indicators of growth. Psychological stress could be related to performance and injuries that could attenuate growth and development in high-performance gymnasts in sensitive phases of development.
References
Abenza, L., Bravo, J.F., y Olmedilla, A. (2006). Estrategias psicológicas para una intervención en crisis: Un caso en balonmano femenino. Revista de Psicología del Deporte, 15, 109-125. https://ddd.uab.cat/record/62952
Aguiar, T., y Taracena-Ruiz, B.E. (2016). La construcción psico-social del cuerpo ideal en gimnastas mexicanas retiradas del alto rendimiento. Revista Alternativas en Psicología, 20(34), 79. https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/2351/235119204007.pdf
Beck, B., y Drysdale, L. (2021). Risk Factors, Diagnosis and Management of Bone Stress Injuries in Adolescent Athletes: A Narrative Review. Sports, 9(4), Art. 4. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports9040052
Cahlíková, J., Cingl, L., y Levely, I. (2020). How Stress Affects Performance and Competitiveness Across Gender. Management Science, 66(8), 3295-3310. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2019.3400
Caine, D., Bass, S., y Daly, R. (2003). Does elite competition inhibit growth and delay maturation in some gymnasts? Quite possibly. Pediatric Exercise Science, 15(4). https://doi.org/10.1123/pes.15.4.360
Caine, D. J., y Nassar, L. (2005). Gymnastics injuries. Epidemiology of pediatric sports injuries (Vol. 48, pp. 18-58). Karger Publishers. https://doi.org/10.1159/000084282
Carvajal, W. (2014). Historia de la Bioantropología del Deporte en Cuba. Revista española de antropología física, 35, 33-49. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/290945205
Cortez, D., Gallegos, M., Jiménez, T., Martínez, P., Saravia, S., Cruzat-Mandich, C., Díaz-Castrillón, F., Behar, R., y Arancibia, M. (2020). Influence of sociocultural factors on body image from the perspective of adolescent girls. Revista Mexicana de Trastornos Alimentarios, 7(2), 116-124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rmta.2016.05.001
Dos Santos, A.C.A., Pires, D.A., Vorkapic, C.M.F., y De Andrade Bastos, A. (2020). Differences in perception of burnout syndrome among young athletes from individual and team sports. Motricidade, 16(1). https://doi.org/10.6063/motricidade.15939
Gimeno, F., y Guedea, J.A. (2001). Evaluación e intervención psicológica en la “promoción” de talentos deportivos en judo. Revista de Psicología del Deporte, 10(1),103-126. https://ddd.uab.cat/record/63151
Harding, A.T., y Beck, B.R. (2017). Exercise, Osteoporosis, and Bone Geometry. Sports, 5(2), Art. 2. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports5020029
Joy, E., Kussman, A., y Nattiv, A. (2016). 2016 update on eating disorders in athletes: A comprehensive narrative review with a focus on clinical assessment and management. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 50(3), 154-162. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2015-095735
Kaczan, G.P. (2016). La práctica gimnástica y el deporte, la cultura física y el cuerpo bello en la historia de las mujeres. Argentina 1900-1930. Historia Crítica, 61. https://journals.openedition.org/histcrit/4568
Kroshus, E., DeFreese, J.D., y Kerr, Z.Y. (2018). Collegiate Athletic Trainers’ Knowledge of the Female Athlete Triad and Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport. Journal of Athletic Training, 53(1), 51-59. https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-52.11.29
Lu, Y., y Zhong, S. (2023). Contactless Real-Time Heart Rate Predicts the Performance of Elite Athletes: Evidence From Tokyo 2020 Olympic Archery Competition. Psychological Science, 09567976221143127. https://doi.org/10.1177/09567976221143127
Martínez, R., y Fernández, A. (2006). Modelo de análisis del impacto social y económico de la desnutrición infantil en América Latina. CEPAL. https://hdl.handle.net/11362/5491
Meeusen, R., y Borms, J. (1992). Gymnastic Injuries. Sports Medicine, 13(5), 337-356. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-199213050-00004
Neves, C.M., Meireles, J.F.F., Carvalho, P.H.B. de, Almeida, S.S., y Ferreira, M.E.C. (2016). Insatisfação corporal de adolescentes atletas e não atletas de ginástica artística. Revista Brasileira de Cineantropometria y Desempenho Humano, 18(1). https://doi.org/10.5007/1980-0037.2016v18n1p82
Nogueira, R.C., Weeks, B.K., y Beck, B.R. (2014). Exercise to improve pediatric bone and fat: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 46(3), 610-621. https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0b013e3182a6ab0d
Nussbaum, E.D., Bjornaraa, J., y Gatt, C.J. (2019). Identifying Factors That Contribute to Adolescent Bony Stress Injury in Secondary School Athletes: A Comparative Analysis With a Healthy Athletic Control Group. Sports Health, 11(4), 375-379. https://doi.org/10.1177/1941738118824293
O’Donnell, S., y Driller, M.W. (2017). Sleep-hygiene education improves sleep indices in elite female athletes. International Journal of Exercise Science, 10(4). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28674597
Oliveira, F.P., Bosi, M.L.M., Vigário, P.S., y Vieira, R.S. (2003). Comportamento alimentar e imagem corporal em atletas. Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte, 9(6). https://doi.org/10.1590/S1517-86922003000600002
Poirier, S., y Marco, F.G. (2018). Características psicométricas del cuestionario «Características Psicológicas relacionadas con el Rendimiento Deportivo» (CPRD) en jugadores de baloncesto españoles. Universidad de Zaragoza, 1-8. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/290002941.pdf
Megías, M.E.P., y Mora, B.A.M. (2020). Sport experience and the symbolism of the body. Story of a student´s initial training / Experiencia deportiva e imaginario corporal. Relato de una alumna en formación inicial. Espiral. Cuadernos del Profesorado: Revista multidisciplinar de Educación. 13(27), 121-133. http://dx.doi.org/10.25115/ecp.v13i27.3301
Purvis, D., Gonsalves, S., y Deuster, P.A. (2010). Physiological and psychological fatigue in extreme conditions: Overtraining and elite athletes. PM&R, 2(5), 442. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmrj.2010.03.025
Rodríguez-Camacho, D.F., Correa-Mesa, J.F., Camargo-Rojas, D.A., y Correa-Morales, J.C. (2016). Prevalencia de lesiones en gimnastas pertenecientes a la Liga de Gimnasia de Bogotá, D.C. Revista de la Facultad de Medicina, 64, 85-91. https://doi.org/10.15446/revfacmed.v64n3Sup.50829
Rodríguez, N.J., y Puig, L.J.M. (2018). La gimnasia artística en la prensa deportiva española: Análisis de la cobertura en los JJOO de Río 2016 [Grau en Periodisme. Facultat de Ciències de la Comunicació, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona]. https://ddd.uab.cat/record/196580
Salaberria, K., Rodríguez, S., y Cruz, S. (2007). Percepción de la imagen corporal. Osasunaz, 8(2). https://www.researchgate.net/publication/29823635
Sánchez, J.C.J., Márquez, J.C., y Peralto, E.L. (2010). Evaluación y análisis de habilidades psicológicas relacionadas con el rendimiento deportivo en gimnastas de rítmica. Revista Iberoamericana de Psicología del Ejercicio y el Deporte, 5(1). https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=311126267002
Schöffl, V., Schöffl, I., Flohé, S., El-Sheikh, Y., y Lutter, C. (2022). Evaluation of a Diagnostic-Therapeutic Algorithm for Finger Epiphyseal Growth Plate Stress Injuries in Adolescent Climbers. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 50(1), 229-237. https://doi.org/10.1177/03635465211056956
Silber, T.J. (2011). Somatization disorders. Pediatr Rev, 32(2). https://doi.org/10.1542/pir.32-2-56
Torres Dávila, R., y Rangel Colmenero, B.R. (2011). Entrenamiento de gimnasia, crecimiento y madurez biológica en gimnastas prepuberales y puberales. Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio FOD, 7(7). http://eprints.uanl.mx/id/eprint/5474
Van Liempt, S., Vermetten, E., Lentjes, E., Arends, J., y Westenberg, H. (2011). Decreased nocturnal growth hormone secretion and sleep fragmentation in combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder; potential predictors of impaired memory consolidation. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 36(9). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2011.03.009
Von Rosen, P., Kottorp, A., Fridén, C., Frohm, A., y Heijne, A. (2018). Young, talented and injured: Injury perceptions, experiences and consequences in adolescent elite athletes. European journal of sport science, 18(5), 731-740. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2018.1440009
Vargas, I.E.P., Bicalho, L.E., Rodrigues, S.T., y Barela, J.A. (2020). Saccadic eye moviments attenuate postural sway but less in sleep-deprived young adults. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living, 2, 97. https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2020.0009
Vitale, K.C., Owens, R., Hopkins, S.R., y Malhotra, A. (2019). Sleep hygiene for optimizing recovery in athletes: Review and recommendations. International journal of sports medicine, 40(8). https://doi.org/10.1055/a-0905-3103
Zhong, S., Shalev, I., Koh, D., Ebstein, R. P., y Chew, S. H. (2018). Competitiveness and Stress. International Economic Review, 59(3), 1263-1281. https://doi.org/10.1111/iere.12303
Author Biography
http://lattes.cnpq.br/9763334401329343
Copyright (c) 2023 Lecturas: Educación Física y Deportes
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
