Energy Expenditure with Exercise in Paralympic Athletes with Visual Impairment: a Case Study
Abstract
Energy expenditure with exercise (EEEx) is an essential factor to estimate daily energy requirement. However, few studies explore this subject in para-athletes. This study aimed to assess the EEEx of Brazilian Paralympic track & field sprinters during a preparatory training phase. Five sprinters athletes with visual impairment (2 males and 3 females) were assessed through direct observation to obtain information on duration and characteristics of the training. Athletes wore a motion sensor (Actical®) to assess EEex. Results were expressed in metabolic equivalents (MET) and ranged between 1.3 and 21.5 METs. Training sessions lasted in average two hours/session and the EEEx of each session assessed ranged between 190 and 380 kcal. It was concluded that the athletes with visual impairment presented EEEx ranging from light intensity to vigorous intensity. More studies will be needed focusing on this theme, covering more athletes, modalities and functional classifications to contribute to the work of the technical team working in the sport.
References
Ainsworth, B., Haskell, W., Herrmann, S., Meckes, N., Basser Jr, D., Tudor-Locke, C., Greer, J., & Vezina, J. (2011). 2011 Compendium of Physical Activities: A Second Update of Codes and MET Values. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 43 (8), 15775–1581. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e31821ece12
Ainsworth, B., Cahalin, L., Buman, M., & Ross, R. (2015). The current state of physical activity assessment tools. Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases, 57 (4), 387–395. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcad.2014.10.005
Anastasopoulou, P., Tubic, M., Schmidt, S., Neumann, R., Woll, A., & Härtel, S. (2014). Validation and comparison of two methods to assess human energy expenditure during free-living activities. PLoSOne,9 (2), e90606. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0090606
Aparicio-Ugarriza, R., Mielgo-Ayuso, J., Benito, P., Pedrero-Chamizo, R., Ara, I., & Gonzalez-Gross, M. (2015). Physical activity assessment in the general population; instrumental methods and new technologies. Nutrición Hospitalaria, 31 (supl. 3), 219–226. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.3305/nh.2015.31.sup3.8769
Armbruster, M., Rist, M., Seifert, S., Frommherz, L., Weinert, C., Mack, C. et al. (2018). Metabolite profiles evaluated, according to sex, do not predict resting energy expenditure and lean body mass in healthy non-obese subjects. European Journal of Nutrition, 58 (6), 2207-2217. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-018-1767-1
Blauwet, C. A., Brook, E. M., Tenforde, A. S., Broad, E., Hu, C. H., Abdu-Glass, E., & Matzkin, E. G. (2017). Low energy availability, menstrual dysfunction, and low bone mineral density in individuals with a disability: Implications for the para athlete population. Sports Medicine, 47 (9), 1697–1708. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-017-0696-0
Broad, E., & Burke, L. (2014). Principles of sports nutrition. In E. Broad (Org.), Sports Nutrition for Paralympic Athletes (p. 23-66). London: CRC Press.
Broad, E. (2014). Vision and hearing impairment. In E. Broad (Org.), Sports Nutrition for Paralympic Athletes (p.135-142). London: CRC Press.
Broad, E., & Juzwiak, C.R. (2019). Sports nutrition in para athletes. Aspertar Sports Medicine Journal, 7 (17), 170-175. Retrieved from: https://www.aspetar.com/journal/viewarticle.aspx?id=426#.Xy2UtohKhQI
Brown, G.A., Ray, M.W., Abbey, B.M., & Shaw, I. (2010). Oxygen consumption, heart rate, and blood lactate responses to an acute bout of plyometric depth jumps in college-aged men and women. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 24 (9), 2475-82. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181b22b63
Chowdhury, E.A., Western, M.J., Nightingale, T.E., Peacock, O.J., & Thompson, D. (2017). Assessment of laboratory and daily energy expenditure estimates from consumer multi-sensor physical activity monitors. PlosOne,12 (2), e0171720. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0171720
Collins, E., Gater, D., Kiratli, J., Butler, J., Hanson, K., & Langbein, E. (2010). Energy cost of physical activities in persons with spinal cord injury. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 42 (4), 691–700. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181bb902f
Conger, S.A., & Bassett, D.R. (2011). A compendium of energy costs of physical activities for individuals who use manual wheelchairs. Adapted Physical Activity Quartely,28 (4), 310–325. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1123/apaq.28.4.310
Crosland, J., & Boyd, C. (2014). Cerebral palsy and acquired brain injuries. In Broad, E. (Org.), Sports Nutrition for Paralympic Athletes (p.91-106). London: CRC Press.
Esliger, D., & Tremblay, M. (2006). Technical reliability assessment of three accelerometer models in a mechanical setup. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 38 (12), 2173–2181. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000239394.55461.08
Heil, D. (2006). Predicting activity energy expenditure using the actical® activity monitor. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 77 (1), 64–80. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2006.10599333
Joaquim, D.P., Juzwiak, C.R., & Winckler, C. (2018). Do paralympic track and field athletes have now energy availability?.Brazilian Journal of Kinanthropometry and Human Performance, 20 (1), 71-81. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/v10.5007/1980-0037.2018v20n1p71
Juzwiak, C. R., Winckler, C., Joaquim, D.P., Silva, A., & Mello, M.T. (2016). Comparison of measured and predictive values of basal metabolic rate in Brazilian Paralympic Track and Field Athletes. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 26 (4), 330-337. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2015-0015
Juzwiak, C. R., & Joaquim, D. P. (2019). Energy availability in para athletes. In E. Broad (Org.), Sports Nutrition for Paralympic Athletes (p.71-86). London: CRC Press.
Klippel, N.J., & Heil, D.P. (2003).Validation of energy expenditure prediction algorithms in adults using the actical electronic activity monitor. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise,35 (5), S284. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200305001-01580
Loturco, I., Nakamura, F. B. Y., Winckler, C., Fonseca, R. A. D., Moraes-Filho, J., Zaccani, W. A. et al. (2017). Strength-power performance of visually impaired paralympic and olympic judo athletes from the brazilian national team: a comparative study. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 31 (3), 743-749. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000001525
Pelly, F., Broad, E., Stuart, N., & Holmes, M. (2017). Resting energy expenditure in male athletes with a spinal cord injury. Journal Spinal Cord Medicine, 41 (2), 208-215. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1080/10790268.2017.1317060
Price, M. (2010). Energy expenditure and metabolism during exercise in persons with a spinal cord injury. Sports Medicine,40 (8), 681–696. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.2165/11531960-000000000-00000
Schaffert, N., & Mattes, K. (2014). Effects of acoustic feedback training in elite-standard Para-Rowing. Journal Sports Science. 33 (4), 411–418. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2014.946438
Squarcini, C. F. R., Pires, M.L.N., Lopes, C., Benedito-Silva, A.A., Esteves, A.M., Cornelissen-Guillaume, G., Matarazzo, C., Garcia, D., Silva, M.S., Tufik, S., & Mello, M.T. (2013). Free-running circadian rhythms of muscle strength, reaction time, and body temperature in totally blind people. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 113 (1), 157–165. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-012-2415-8
Stewart, A., Marfell-Jones, M., Olds, T., & De Ridder, H. (2011). International standards for anthropometric assessment (2011 edition). International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry, Lower Hutt, New Zealand.
Sylvia, L.G., Bernstein, E.E., Hubbard, J.L., Keating, L., & Anderson, E.J. (2014). Pratical guide to measuring physical activity. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, 2 (114), 199–208. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jand.2013.09.018
Thomas, D. T., Erdman, K. A., & Burke, L. M. (2016). Position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, Dietitians of Canada, and the American College of Sports Medicine: Nutrition and Athletic Performance. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, 116 (3), 501–528. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jand.2015.12.006
Volp, A.C.P., Oliveira, F.C.E., Alves, R.D.M., Esteves, E.A., & Bressan, J. (2011). Energy expenditure: components and evaluation methods. Nutrición Hospitalaria, 26 (3), 430-40. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0212-16112011000300002
Winckler, C., & Miranda, A.J. (2019). The Athlete with Visual Impairment. Aspetar Sports Medicine Journal, 7 (17), 138–141. Retrieved from: https://www.aspetar.com/journal/viewarticle.aspx?id=431#.Xy2TrohKhQI
Copyright (c) 2020 Lecturas: Educación Física y Deportes
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
